No. Black licorice taste can come from true licorice or other flavorings, depending on the manufacturer.
Molasses, corn syrup and sometimes other sugars are used as the base of commercial black licorice candy.
Wheat flour, sometimes combined with cornstarch, is the highest-volume ingredient in black licorice.
According to SFGate, black licorice candy sold in the U.S. generally contains very little, or no, real licorice. Often much or all of the flavor comes from anise seed, which has a similar though less complex flavor.
Real black licorice candy can be dangerous if you consume it in large amounts. The occasional real licorice candy won't harm you, unless you have certain health conditions. Learn about the dangers of black licorice at SFGate.
Get some advice about black licorice from U.S. Food and Drug Administration.