In general, a bottle of wine may crack or explode in the freezer in as little as one hour, so check it after 30 minutes and again at the 45 minute mark to avoid disaster.
Here's the science behind it:
Most household freezers keep a temperature of around 5F. Water freezes at 32F which is quite enough to keep all water in a frozen state. Wine is generally water, but the alcohol in it lowers the freezing point. So depending on the amount or how little alcohol percentage is in the wine bottle, your freezing point of the wine is probably around 15F. So yes, this is less than 32F, but it is also beyond the 5F your freezer is at.
So if you put that bottle of wine into your freezer, first the water will slowly begin to crystallize then the wine will expand and there's nowhere for the air to go while this expansion is taking place. At some point the pressure within the bottle will increase until either the cork pops out, or the bottle cracks. So the fastest and safest method of chilling wine is just to put it in a bucket of water and ice, taking 20 or 30 minutes.
Need a glass of vino, stat, but don't have the time or patience to wait for a bottle of Chardonnay to chill in your fridge? Luckily, you don't have to! Here are five ways to chill a bottle of wine in 20 minutes or less shared by Popsugar.com.