Early exploration of Africa by Europeans was hindered by the many different physical features of Africa.
Africa's geographic (physical) barriers (waterfalls, rapids, highlands, steep cliffs, deserts) delayed European colonization of central Africa.
In 1884, to avoid conflict among themselves, European leaders met at the Berlin Conference (held in Berlin, Germany) to set up rules for colonizing Africa. No Africans were invited.
After the Berlin Conference, European countries rushed to colonize Africa. This race to set up colonies is called the Scramble for Africa, motivated by a desire for natural resources (raw materials).
To learn more, go to http://www.mrhubbshistory.com/uploads/Global_Regents_Review_Packet_16-A.pdf
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